Papers is a nice application that allows you to have all your papers and other documents in one place. The program lets you organize your papers and other documents that you consider important in multiple folders, so you can easily find them. Not only can you store the papers written by you, but also papers written by other people. You can easily add the author, source, title, year, among any other information. This can help you find them more easily, and if you want, you can also search them by keyword.
When you finish installing the application, you can select an area of research, and the program will suggest a list of papers that you can download from well-known sources such as Google Books, OAlster and Wikipedia. Moreover, you can later search for more papers by entering a keyword and selecting the sources you want. You can have a preview of the papers or articles and then you can select whether you wish to import them to your library or not. Once in your library, you will be able to see a general view of the paper on the right side of the screen, and you can customize any other information you want. The papers can be read in full screen and you can print them or send them by email. You can also add notes, keywords, labels, and you can even rate them.Sadly, the program lacks document annotations such as highlighting, drawing tools, and other, which could help you mark important parts in papers. The program offers a very clean and organized user interface that won't give you any trouble.
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If your Mac is covered under AppleCare+, the cost should be substantially less. A cracked screen with AppleCare+ currently costs $99 to repair. AppleCare also covers two incidents of accidental damage, which should include this specific issue.
An unknown issue is causing M1 MacBook screens to crack and, currently, there is no known fix apart from getting the screen replaced. If you happen to face the issue, your best bet is to take your system to an Apple Store and get it fixed. We hope Apple will publicly address the issue soon.
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Pathologic myopia represents a subgroup of myopia and affects up to 3%of the world population.[2] Vision lossrelated to pathologic myopia is of great clinical significance as it can beprogressive, irreversible and affects individuals during their most productiveyears. High myopia is defined asrefractive error of at least -6.00D or an axial length of 26.5mmor more[2]. The definition of pathologic myopia in early studies has been inconsistent and mostly revolved around a combination of refractive error and axial length, which may simply reflect a high degree of myopia. Additionally, there was no clear evidence for the cutoff values chosen. In recent years, the definition of pathologic myopia has shifted to "the presence of myopic maculopathy equal to or more severe than diffuse chorioretinal atrophy."[3] Myopic maculopathy includes diffuse chorioretinal atrophy, patchy chorioretinal atrophy, lacquer cracks, myopic choroidal neovascularization (myopic CNV), and CNV-related macular atrophy.
Assessment of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, pupillaryreaction and dilated fundus exam are essential. A thorough macular examination and peripheral depressed examination are key to detecting complications related to pathologic myopia. In particular, lacquer cracks, myopic schisis, or choroidal neovascularization in the macular area and holes or tears in the periphery of the retina. Assessment of visual fields and Amsler grid testing may be beneficial.
Staphyloma development, characterized by outpouching of scleral tissue typically involving the optic disc or macula, is a common occurrence, estimated in 35% of eyes with high myopia.[12] This can be difficult to appreciate with bio-microscopy but is evident on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) or B scan ophthalmologic ultrasound. Staphylomata are commonly associated with lacquer cracks, RPE attenuation, epiretinal membrane and macular or foveal schisis.
Fluorescein Angiography is useful for evaluating myopic patients for development of CNV. Early images may show transmission defects in patches or areas of RPE atrophy in the macula and/or around the optic disc. Angiography can identify lacquer cracks in early and transit phases by linear distribution of transmission defect. In pathologic myopia, the development of CNV tends to be smaller and less exudative compared to CNV seen in AMD. Myopic CNV may appear as a focus of hyperfluourescence with a rim of hypoflourescence corresponding to hyperpigmentation at the border of the lesion. Any associated hemorrhage will result in blocked fluorescence. Leakage is seen in late images with or without blurring of the pigmented rim. The leakage present with myopic CNV is more subtle than with CNV related to AMD, and it is common that the CNV leakage may be partially or completely obscured by overlying subretinal hemorrhage.
A block cipher is so-called because the scheme encrypts one fixed-size block of data at a time. In a block cipher, a given plaintext block will always encrypt to the same ciphertext when using the same key (i.e., it is deterministic) whereas the same plaintext will encrypt to different ciphertext in a stream cipher. The most common construct for block encryption algorithms is the Feistel cipher, named for cryptographer Horst Feistel (IBM). As shown in Figure 3, a Feistel cipher combines elements of substitution, permutation (transposition), and key expansion; these features create a large amount of "confusion and diffusion" (per Claude Shannon) in the cipher. One advantage of the Feistel design is that the encryption and decryption stages are similar, sometimes identical, requiring only a reversal of the key operation, thus dramatically reducing the size of the code or circuitry necessary to implement the cipher in software or hardware, respectively. One of Feistel's early papers describing this operation is "Cryptography and Computer Privacy" (Scientific American, May 1973, 228(5), 15-23).
Note that these sites search databases and/or use rainbow tables to find a suitable string that produces the hash in question but one can't definitively guarantee what string originally produced the hash. This is an important distinction. Suppose that you want to crack someone's password, where the hash of the password is stored on the server. Indeed, all you then need is a string that produces the correct hash and you're in! However, you cannot prove that you have discovered the user's password, only a "duplicate key."
In cryptography, size does matter. The larger the key, the harder it is to crack a block of encrypted data. The reason that large keys offer more protection is almost obvious; computers have made it easier to attack ciphertext by using brute force methods rather than by attacking the mathematics (which are generally well-known anyway). With a brute force attack, the attacker merely generates every possible key and applies it to the ciphertext. Any resulting plaintext that makes sense offers a candidate for a legitimate key. This was the basis, of course, of the EFF's attack on DES.
There is, however, a significant weakness to this system. Specifically, the response is generated in such a way as to effectively reduce 16-byte hash to three smaller hashes, of length seven, seven, and two, respectively. Thus, a password cracker has to break at most a 7-byte hash. One Windows NT vulnerability test program that I used in the past reported passwords that were "too short," defined as "less than 8 characters." When I asked how the program knew that passwords were too short, the software's salespeople suggested to me that the program broke the passwords to determine their length. This was, in fact, not the case at all; all the software really had to do was to look at the last eight bytes of the Windows NT LanMan hash to see that the password was seven or fewer characters.
The second DES Challenge II lasted less than 3 days. On July 17, 1998, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) announced the construction of hardware that could brute-force a DES key in an average of 4.5 days. Called Deep Crack, the device could check 90 billion keys per second and cost only about $220,000 including design (it was erroneously and widely reported that subsequent devices could be built for as little as $50,000). Since the design is scalable, this suggests that an organization could build a DES cracker that could break 56-bit keys in an average of a day for as little as $1,000,000. Information about the hardware design and all software can be obtained from the EFF. 2ff7e9595c
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